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The intermediate stage loader (stage1.5, usually core.img) is loaded and executed by the stage1 loader. The stage1 is loaded and executed either by the BIOS from the Master boot record (MBR). GRUB 2 differs from GRUB 1 by being capable of automatic detection of various operating systems and automatic configuration.Below is a summary of some popular boot loaders: In UEFI systems, the Linux kernel can be executed directly by UEFI firmware via EFISTUB, but usually uses GRUB 2 or systemd-boot as a boot loader.
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Since the earlier phases are not specific to the operating system, the BIOS-based boot process for x86 and x86-64 architectures is considered to start when the master boot record (MBR) code is executed in real mode and the first-stage boot loader is loaded. The boot loader phase varies by computer architecture. Once all the other processes have terminated, init makes a system call to the kernel instructing it to shut the system down. On shutdown, init is called to close down all user space functionality in a controlled manner. A session is a set of programs such as UI elements (panels, desktops, applets, etc.) which, together, can form a complete desktop environment. After the user has entered the correct credentials, the session manager starts a session.
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It then sets up system functions such as essential hardware and memory paging, and calls start_kernel() which performs the majority of system setup (interrupts, the rest of memory management, device and driver initialization, etc.).
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Once the selection is made, the boot loader loads the kernel into memory, supplies it with some parameters and gives it control.
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In the following example, IBM PC compatible hardware is assumed: IBM PC compatible hardware is one architecture Linux is commonly used on on these systems, the BIOS plays an important role, which might not have exact analogs on other systems. For each of these stages and components there are different variations and approaches for example, GRUB, coreboot or Das U-Boot can be used as boot loaders (historical examples are LILO, SYSLINUX or Loadlin), while the startup scripts can be either traditional init-style, or the system configuration can be performed through modern alternatives such as systemd or Upstart.Įarly stages of the Linux startup process depend very much on the computer architecture.
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It is in many ways similar to the BSD and other Unix-style boot processes, from which it derives.īooting a Linux installation involves multiple stages and software components, including firmware initialization, execution of a boot loader, loading and startup of a Linux kernel image, and execution of various startup scripts and daemons. Linux startup process is the multi-stage initialization process performed during booting a Linux installation. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( January 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.